Heart Rate Reserve: Better Zones with the Karvonen Method

What heart rate reserve (HRR) is, the Karvonen formula that turns it into training zones, why it beats plain %HRmax, and how to measure the two inputs.

Sven AhrensSenast uppdaterad
heart rate reserveKarvonenheart rateresting heart ratetraining zones

Heart rate reserve (HRR) is the gap between your maximum and resting heart rates. If your max is 190 and you rest at 50, your reserve is 140 beats. The Karvonen method takes a percentage of that reserve and adds your resting heart rate back on top. That one adjustment makes your zones more personal, especially if you are very fit or just starting out.

What is heart rate reserve?

Your heart rate never drops to zero, so not all of your 190 bpm is usable training range. Heart rate reserve is the part that is:

HRR = maximum heart rate − resting heart rate

A fitter heart pumps more blood per beat, so it beats slower at rest. A fitter person therefore has a larger reserve than an unfit person with the same maximum.

The Karvonen formula

The Karvonen method, published by Finnish physiologist Martti Karvonen in 1957, sets each zone boundary like this:

Target HR = resting HR + (intensity % × heart rate reserve)

Say your max is 190, your resting heart rate is 50, and you want the bottom of Zone 2 at 60% intensity:

  1. Heart rate reserve = 190 − 50 = 140 bpm
  2. 60% of 140 = 84 bpm
  3. Add resting back: 84 + 50 = 134 bpm

A plain "60% of max" would give 114 bpm, 20 beats lower.

Dina siffror

Mät direkt på morgonen, liggande.

Allt beräknas i din webbläsare. Inget lagras eller skickas någonstans.

Pulsreserv

135bpm

185 − 50

Maxpuls

185bpm

Vilopuls

50bpm

ZonIntervallVad den tränar
Z1

Återhämtning

118–131 bpm

Z2

Uthållighet

131–145 bpm

Z3

Tempo

145–158 bpm

Z4

Tröskel

158–172 bpm

Z5

VO₂max

172–185 bpm

Z1 · Återhämtning. Aktiv återhämtning och uppvärmning; främjar blodflödet utan att lägga till trötthet. Mycket lätt, RPE 1–2. Kan föra ett helt samtal, knappt andfådd.

Z2 · Uthållighet. Aerob bas, fettförbränning och kapillärtäthet, vardagszonen. Bekvämt, RPE 3–4. Kan tala i hela meningar.

Z3 · Tempo. Aerob kapacitet och muskulär uthållighet; 'måttligt hårt' jämnt arbete. Arbetande, RPE 5–6. Bara korta meningar.

Z4 · Tröskel. Laktattröskeln, ditt tak för hållbart tävlingstempo. Hårt, RPE 7–8. Några ord i taget.

Z5 · VO₂max. Maximal aerob effekt och VO₂max via korta, hårda intervaller. Mycket hårt till maximalt, RPE 9–10. Inget pratande.

  • Karvonen förankrar zonerna till din pulsreserv (HRmax − vilopuls), så den anpassar zonerna till din kondition bättre än enbart %HRmax; en vältränad atlet med låg vilopuls får motsvarande lägre målvärden.
  • Mät vilopulsen direkt på morgonen, liggande, före koffein. Ett fel på 5 bpm i vilopulsen förskjuter varje zon.

En PDF med dina resultat, plus en QR-kod för att öppna dem igen när som helst.

Why does Karvonen beat plain %HRmax?

Percent-of-maximum zones treat everyone with the same max identically. Karvonen folds in resting heart rate, a rough proxy for fitness:

  • It accounts for your conditioning. A trained athlete resting at 45 and a beginner resting at 75 get different zones even with the same max.
  • The zones track your fitness. As resting heart rate drops, your reserve grows and the zones update. A fixed %HRmax band never moves.
  • It spreads the easy end out. Plain %HRmax puts easy efforts at implausibly low heart rates. Adding resting heart rate back lifts the low zones to numbers you can train at.

For how the different systems carve up the range, compare the heart-rate zone models.

How do I find the two numbers I need?

Resting heart rate (RHR). Measure it first thing in the morning, before you get up, averaged over several days. A chest strap or the overnight reading from a wearable both work. A daytime desk reading runs high.

Maximum heart rate (HRmax). Age formulas (220 − age, or the more accurate Tanaka, 208 − 0.7 × age) can be off by 10+ beats for any individual. A field test gives a far better number. See finding your maximum heart rate for both, or the max heart rate calculator for the estimate.

Karvonen vs. lactate-threshold zones

Karvonen is still anchored to your maximum, which barely responds to training and is hard to measure safely. The most individual anchor is your threshold. Zones set from your lactate-threshold heart rate sit where your physiology changes and rise as you get fitter. Many athletes start with Karvonen and move to LTHR zones after a 30-minute test.

For easy aerobic work, see Zone 2 heart rate, explained.

Sources

  • Karvonen, M. J., Kentala, E., & Mustala, O. (1957), the original heart-rate-reserve study
  • Tanaka, Monahan & Seals (2001), maximum-heart-rate estimation

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